So many patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in the entire world, making the researchers continue to develop the disease treatment. In recent years, many studies conducted related to DM.
These studies must be done to find the best treatment for DM. These studies, including the successful discovery of the artificial pancreas and beta cell transplantation.
Based on data from the National Diabetes Statistics, 2011, the prevalence of diabetes has been estimated at 8.3 percent of the US population, and most of it is DM Type II as reported from Epharmapedia.
Various treatment of diabetes has been developed and has been applied to many patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. However, treatment in patients with Type II diabetes related to several mechanisms, among others:
1. Insulin sensitizers
Insulin sensitizers can improve the ability of the body's cells to recognize insulin, and then to increase the action of insulin with glucose pushed into it, thereby lowering blood glucose levels. The main insulin sensitizer, namely Biguanides such as metformin and glitazones.
2. secretagogues
These drugs include drugs that force the pancreas to increase insulin levels, which can lower blood glucose levels. These medications include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, incretin mimetic (Exenatides) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor (DPP IV inhibitors), such as sitagliptin.
3. Another mechanism
Other mechanisms, such as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and amylin analogues. Acarbose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that prevents the degradation of carbohydrates in the gut, and thus prevents the absorption of glucose from food. Analogue pramlintide is a hormone called amylin, which is produced from the same cells that produce insulin. Amylin slows the movement of the stomach and creates a sensation of fullness which helps to regulate glucose uptake and prevent the rapid rise in blood glucose concentration after a meal.
Some new treatments for diabetes, among others:
1. Exenatide once a week
Some exenatides has been introduced as a daily injection, and has been approved as a treatment for diabetes mellitus type II helper.
2. SGLT-2 Inhibitors
The kidneys are organs that quite conservative when visited by glucose, because it works to reabsorb glucose load may try to come out with urine. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) which is normally found in the renal proximal tubule will reabsorb most of the glucose and restore blood flow to the aid of the sodium gradient.
Dapagliflozin is the first drug developed to inhibit the SGLT-2 and therefore increase the loss of glucose in the urine. The glucose-lowering drug with the ability associated with renal glucose excretion. The effect depends on the amount of glucose that is filtered through the glomeruli and is not dependent on insulin secretion. Methods of action to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia. But it also makes dapagliflozin less effective when the glomerular filtration rate decreases due to the development of renal impairment.
In two studies, dapagliflozin (5 mg or 10 mg) was evaluated in combination with metformin XR and compared with monotherapy. Both studies conducted over 24 weeks, and at the end of the study a higher proportion of patients treated with combination therapy achieved an HbA1c lower and better glycemic control. In Dapagliflozin group also achieve weight loss over the metformin group. The main side effects reported were urinary tract infection.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on July 19, 2011 against recommending approval for a new drug because it can lead to an increased risk of breast cancer and bladder cancer.
3. dual PPAR agonists
Glitazones are PPAR-gamma agonists, and through the activation of specific nuclear receptors, can make the body tissues respond to insulin. A new group of drugs called dual PPAR agonists, because of its ability to activate PPAR-gamma and alpha at the same time. Interestingly, agonism of PPAR-alpha should be a mechanism of action of fibrates which reduce triglycerides and increase HDL. So should that agonists of PPAR-double will continue to benefit from the glitazones and fibrates.
A phase II trials examining a new dual PPAR agonists, namely aleglitazar. Tests showed that therapy with these agents reduce hyperglycemia and normal levels of HDL-C and triglycerides with an acceptable safety. Aleglitazar currently being studied in a large-scale clinical trial to assess whether it will be able to reduce cardiovascular risk (death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) among patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease.
4. glucokinase activators
Glucokinase are intracellular enzymes which can be limiting step in glucose metabolism.
There is no doubt that diabetes is a potential target for many researchers and scientists to reduce the prevalence of diabetes. Advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology is expected to lead the researchers to develop a more radical treatment and advanced. Unfortunately, a variety of new treatments for diabetes that has been discovered by researchers may not be obtained and used widely in developing countries.
These studies must be done to find the best treatment for DM. These studies, including the successful discovery of the artificial pancreas and beta cell transplantation.
Based on data from the National Diabetes Statistics, 2011, the prevalence of diabetes has been estimated at 8.3 percent of the US population, and most of it is DM Type II as reported from Epharmapedia.
Various treatment of diabetes has been developed and has been applied to many patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. However, treatment in patients with Type II diabetes related to several mechanisms, among others:
1. Insulin sensitizers
Insulin sensitizers can improve the ability of the body's cells to recognize insulin, and then to increase the action of insulin with glucose pushed into it, thereby lowering blood glucose levels. The main insulin sensitizer, namely Biguanides such as metformin and glitazones.
2. secretagogues
These drugs include drugs that force the pancreas to increase insulin levels, which can lower blood glucose levels. These medications include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, incretin mimetic (Exenatides) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor (DPP IV inhibitors), such as sitagliptin.
3. Another mechanism
Other mechanisms, such as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and amylin analogues. Acarbose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that prevents the degradation of carbohydrates in the gut, and thus prevents the absorption of glucose from food. Analogue pramlintide is a hormone called amylin, which is produced from the same cells that produce insulin. Amylin slows the movement of the stomach and creates a sensation of fullness which helps to regulate glucose uptake and prevent the rapid rise in blood glucose concentration after a meal.
Some new treatments for diabetes, among others:
1. Exenatide once a week
Some exenatides has been introduced as a daily injection, and has been approved as a treatment for diabetes mellitus type II helper.
2. SGLT-2 Inhibitors
The kidneys are organs that quite conservative when visited by glucose, because it works to reabsorb glucose load may try to come out with urine. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) which is normally found in the renal proximal tubule will reabsorb most of the glucose and restore blood flow to the aid of the sodium gradient.
Dapagliflozin is the first drug developed to inhibit the SGLT-2 and therefore increase the loss of glucose in the urine. The glucose-lowering drug with the ability associated with renal glucose excretion. The effect depends on the amount of glucose that is filtered through the glomeruli and is not dependent on insulin secretion. Methods of action to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia. But it also makes dapagliflozin less effective when the glomerular filtration rate decreases due to the development of renal impairment.
In two studies, dapagliflozin (5 mg or 10 mg) was evaluated in combination with metformin XR and compared with monotherapy. Both studies conducted over 24 weeks, and at the end of the study a higher proportion of patients treated with combination therapy achieved an HbA1c lower and better glycemic control. In Dapagliflozin group also achieve weight loss over the metformin group. The main side effects reported were urinary tract infection.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on July 19, 2011 against recommending approval for a new drug because it can lead to an increased risk of breast cancer and bladder cancer.
3. dual PPAR agonists
Glitazones are PPAR-gamma agonists, and through the activation of specific nuclear receptors, can make the body tissues respond to insulin. A new group of drugs called dual PPAR agonists, because of its ability to activate PPAR-gamma and alpha at the same time. Interestingly, agonism of PPAR-alpha should be a mechanism of action of fibrates which reduce triglycerides and increase HDL. So should that agonists of PPAR-double will continue to benefit from the glitazones and fibrates.
A phase II trials examining a new dual PPAR agonists, namely aleglitazar. Tests showed that therapy with these agents reduce hyperglycemia and normal levels of HDL-C and triglycerides with an acceptable safety. Aleglitazar currently being studied in a large-scale clinical trial to assess whether it will be able to reduce cardiovascular risk (death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) among patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease.
4. glucokinase activators
Glucokinase are intracellular enzymes which can be limiting step in glucose metabolism.
There is no doubt that diabetes is a potential target for many researchers and scientists to reduce the prevalence of diabetes. Advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology is expected to lead the researchers to develop a more radical treatment and advanced. Unfortunately, a variety of new treatments for diabetes that has been discovered by researchers may not be obtained and used widely in developing countries.
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ReplyDeleteMy daughter suffered from diabetes type 2 for more than 20 years which we started experiencing in her when she turned 17 year and 5 months we all thought it will end but got even worse as days went by. We tried all several treatments and therapy prescribed by various doctors we met but to no avail, she lost weight even when she is eating, and she is always feeling hungry,and She usually had Headaches. This were steady illness that disrupted her entire life, even at night she slept less because of this.It was during a casual conversation with a friend that i learned about Dr Williams herbal medicine I was able to contact him on his email address. and give him all the necessary information that he needed,few day later he sent me the herbal portion and his medicine was able to restore her back to normal and she is very okay now without any side effects whatsoever. If you have diabetes, do not hesitate to contact him on drwilliams098675@gmail.com for advice and for his product. I hope this also helps someone out there
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